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Sabtu, 6 Ogos 2016

INTRODUCTION
We are from KT1T1a have been given a project to make a blog about Biodiversity, Kingdom Animalia.


THE STRUCTURE OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Objectives
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a)Describe the uniques characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

b)State the classification of Animalia into 9 phyla:
 -Phylum Porifera
 -Phylum Coelenterata/Cnidaria
 -Phylum Platyhelminthes
 -Phylum Nematoda
 -Phylum Annelida
 -Phylum Arthropoda
 -Phylum Mollusca
 -Phylum Echinodermata
 -Phylum Chordata

Unique characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

-Eukaryote
-Multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-Store excess carbohydrates as glycogen
-Have differentiated tissue for response to stimuli and locomotion
-Reproduce sexually (most)
-Dominant stage in the life cycle is diploid


Phylum Porifera

Objectives
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

-Describe the unique characteristics of Phylum Porifera, Euspongia sp.

Unique characteristics of Phylum Porifera

-Consists of all species of sponges
-No true tissues
-Asymmetrical
-No body cavity
-Most are sessile
-Aquatic mainly marine
-Body has an exoskeleton made upof spicules
-Reproduce secually and asexually
-Hermaphrodite (can produce both eggs and sperm)
-Water movement
 .Enter (Ostium)
 .Exit (Osculum)
-Feeding
 .Flow of water through the sponge allow for feeding, waste removal and the intake of oxygen
 .A combination of pressure, flagella and contractile movement pump water


Phylum Coelenterata/Cnidaria

Objectives
At the end if this topic, students should be able to:

a)Describe the unique characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria

b)State three common classes:
 -Class Hydrozoa(hydra,Obelia sp.)
 -Class Scyphozoa(jellyfish,Aurelia sp.)
 -Class Anthozoa(sea anemone,Actinia sp.)

Unique characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria

-Tissue level
-Radial symmetry
-Diploblastic
-Tentacles(locomotion and food capturing)
-Cnidocyte or stinging cells in the tentacles(defense and capturing prey)

Classification of Phylum Cnidaria

-Class Hydrozoa(hydra,Obelia sp.)
-Class Scyphozoa(jellyfish,Aurelia sp.)
-Class Anthozoa(sea anemone,Actinia sp.)

Dimorphism/Polymorphism

-Kingdom Cnidaria have 2 basic body forms which are:
 .Polyp
 .Medusa

Polyp forms:
-Tubular body
-Mouth and tentacles are directed upward
-Small amount of mesoglia
-Sessile

Medusa forms:
-Bell-shaped body
-Mouth and tentacles are directed downward
-Large amount of mesoglia
-Motile

Life cycle of hydra, Obelia sp.

-Sexual reproduction involves the production of medusae which bud from the second type of polyp, called reproductive polyps
-They produce tiny free-swimming sexual medusae(male and female) complete with tentacles and gonads, which release eggs cells and sperms into the water
-Fertilization results in a zygote which develop to form planula larva consisting of a ball of cells with a ciliated outer layer
-Planula larva develop to produce new mature polyps


Phylum Platyhelminthes

Objectives
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a)Describe the unique characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes

b)State 3 common classes:
 -Class Cestoda(tapeworm,Taenia sp.)
 -Class Turbellaria(Dugesia sp.)
 -ClassTrematoda(Fasciola sp.)

Unique characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes

-Organ level
-Bilateral symmetry
-Triploblastic
-Acoelomate
-Unsegmented
-Show cephalization
 .Development of head region
-No specialized circulatory or respiratory structure
 .Gas exchange occur by diffusion
-Incomplete digestive system
 .Has mouth but no anus
-Excretory system
 .Protonephridia


Phylum Nematoda

Objectives
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a)Describe the unique characteristics of Phylum Nematoda

Unique characteristics of Phylum Nematoda

-Elongated, smooth narrow cylindrical body with tapered tail and blunt head
-Organ system level
-Bilateral symmetry
-Triploblastic
-Pseudocoelomate
-Unsegmented
-Most are free living
 .Found in fresh water, marine, moist soil
-Some are parasitic
-Complete alimentary canal
 .with separate mouth and anus
-Nervous system
 .Simple with several ganglia in the head region(but no brain)
 .Nerves extend from ganglia that funtional to control movement
-Excretory system
 .Has anus
 .Excretory pore
-No circulatory and respiratory systems
-Have hydrostatic skeleton
 .To maintain shape and allows for locomotion
-Reproduction
 .Dioecious(separate sexes in most species)
 .Internal fertilisation
-Body is covered with smooth cuticle
 .Provides protection
 .Reduce H20 loss
 .withstand hydrostatic pressure of pseudocoelom

Phylum Annelida

Objectives
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a)Describe the unique characteristics of Phylum Annelida

b)State 3 common classes
 -Class Olichaeta(earthworm,Pheretima sp.)
 -Class Polychaeta(rag worm,Nereis sp.)
 -Class Hirudinea(leech,Hirudo sp.)

Unique characteristics of Phylum Annelida

-Organ system level
-Bilateral symmetry
-Triploblastic
-Coelomate
-Metamaric segmented
 .Division of body into a number if segments each contains same organs
-Coelomates
 .Fluid-filled cavity between the gut and the other body organs
-Free-living, trrestrial or aquatic form
-Complete digestie system
-Excretory system
 .Consists of a pair of metanephridium
-Closed body circulation system
-Respiratory system
 .Through skin or gills
Chitinous setae
 .Each segments have setae to assist movement
-Reproduction system
 .Most reproduce sexually
 .Dioecious or monoecious


Classification of Phylum Annelida

-Class Oligochaeta(earthworm,Pheretima sp.)
-Class Polychaeta(rag worm,Nereis sp.)
-Class Hirudinea(leech,Hirudo sp.)

Class Oligochaeta
-Oligo(few) + Chaeta(bristles)
-Bristles help in anchoring or burrowing
-earthwom,Pheretima sp.

Class Polychaeta
-Poly(many) + Chaeta(bristles)
-Paired-paddle-like appendages that are tip with bristles
-Sandworm,Nereis sp.

Class Hirudinea
-Have no setae
-Suckers for attaching to host
-Leech,Hirudo sp.

Roles of Phylum Annelida
-Soil aeration
-Medical use


Phylum Arthropoda

Objectives
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a)Describe the unique characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

b)State the 6 common classes:
 -Class Crustacea(Macrobrachium sp.)
 -Class Chilopoda(Scolopendra sp.)
 -Class Diplopoda(Julus sp.)
 -Class Insecta(Valanga sp.)
 -Class Arachnida(Nephila sp.)
 -Class Merostomata(Tachypleus sp.)

Unique characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

-Arthropoda means jointed legs
-Organ system level
-Bilateral system
-Triploblastic
-Hemocoel
-Segmented
-Cephalization
 .Thorax is fused with the head to form Cephalothorax
-Digestion
 .Complete digestive system
-Excretory system
-Nervous system
 .a double cerebral ganglion
 .a double ventral nerve cord network of nerves
-Exoskeleton
 .Protective and mobile
-Movement
 .segmentation and appendages
-Reproduction
 .Reproduces sexually
-Respiration through
 .Gill
 .Trachea
 .Book lungs
 .Diffusion via skin

Contribution of the unique characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

-Exoskeleton
 .Supports and protects the body
-Segmentation and appendages
 .appendages for better locomotion
-Antagonistic striated muscles
 .Provide brisk movement
 .Help to find foot, to breed and run out from predator
-Highly developed sensory organs
 .Compund eyes, receptors for smell
-Reduced ompetition through metamorphosis
 .Less interspecies competition

Classification of Phylum Arthropoda

-Class Crustacea(prawn,Macrobrachium sp.)
-Class Chilopoda(centipede,Scolopendra sp.)
-Class Diplopoda(Millipede,Julus sp.)
-Class Insecta(Grasshopper,Valanga sp.)
-Class Arachnida(Spider,Nephila sp.)
-Class Merostomata(Horseshoe crab,Tachypleus sp.)

Phylum Mollusca

Objectives

a)Describe the unique characteristics of Phylum Mollusca

b)State 3 common classes:
 -Class Gastropoda(Achatina sp.)
 -Class Chephalopoda(Sepia sp.)
 -Class Bivalvia(Anadara sp.)

Unique characteristics of Phylum Mollusca

-Organ system level
-Assymmetry
-Triploblastic
-Unsegmented
-Coelomate
-Mollusca inhabits marine,freshwater and terrestrial habitats
-The Mollusca body plan includes:
 .Visceral mass(Contain the internal organs)
 .Muscular foot(For locomotion and attachment)
 .Mantle(Have a gland that secrete the shell)
-Excretory system
 .Nephridia
-Circulatory system
 .Open/closed blood circulation
-Respiratory system
 .Gills or lungs
-Advanced nervous system
 .Brain
 .Well developed sense organs
-Reproduction
 .Monoecious and Dioecious

Classification of Phylum Mollusca

-Class Gastropoda(Achatina sp.)
-Class Chephalopoda(Sepia sp.)
-Class Bivalvia(Anadara sp.)


Phylum Echinodermata

Objectives
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a)Describe the unique characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata

b)State 3 common classes:
 -Class Asteroidea(starfish,Asterias sp.)
 -Class Holothuroidea(sea cucumber,Holothuria sp.)
 -Class Enchinoidea(sea urchin,Diadema sp.)

Unique Characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata

-Organ system level
-Triploblastic
-Bilateral symmetry(larvae) / Radial symmetry(adult)
-Coelomate
-Habitats in aquatic
-No cirulatory, respiratory or excretory systems
-Sessile
-Endoskeleton
-Sexual reproduction / Asexual reproduction

Classification of Phylum Echinodermata

-Class Asteroidea(starfish,Asterias sp.)
-Class Holothuroidea(sea cucumber,Holothuria sp.)
-Class Echinoidea(sea urchin,Diadema sp.)


Phylum Chordata

Objectives
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a)Describe the unique characteristics of Phylum Chordata:
 -Notochord
 -Presence of Pharyngeal Cleft
 -Dorsal hollow nerve cord
 -Post anal tails
 -Myotomes

b)State the classification of Phylum Chordata into 4 subphyla:
 -Urochordata(Sea squirt)
 -Hemichordata(Acorn worm)
 -Cephalochordata(Lancelet)
 -Vertebrates

c)State 6 common classes of sub-phlum Vertebrates:
 -Class Chondrichthyes(cartilaginous fish,Raja sp.)
 -Class Osteichthyes(bony fish, Selar sp.)
 -Class Amphibia(frog,Rana sp.)
 -Class Reptile(crocodile,Crocodilus sp.)
 -Class Aves(pigeon,Columba sp.)
 -Class Mammalia(rat,Rattus sp.)

Unique characteristics of Phylum Chordata

-Organ system level
-Triploblastic
-Coelomate
-Segmented
-Bilateral symmetry
-Complete digestive system
-Have brain
-Notochord
 .Provides skeletal support
-Presence of Pharygeal Cleft
 .Found in all chordate embryos
 .Suspension feeding devices(Invertebrate chordates)
 .Modified for gaseous exchange(Vertebrates)
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord
 .Develops into central nervous system
 .Brain and nerve cord
-Post anal tail
 .Provides propelling force in many aquatic species
-Myotomes
 .Muscular tissues arranged in blocks
-Close circulatory system

Classification of subphyla

-Subphylum Urochordata(sea squirt)
-Subphylum Hemichordata(Acorn worm)
-Subphylum Chephalochordata(Lancelet)
-Vertebrates

Classes of subphylum Vertebrates

-Class Chondrichthyes(cartilaginous fish,Raja sp.)
-Class Osteichthyes(bony fish,Selar sp.)
-Class Amphibia(frog,Rana sp.)
-Class Reptile(crocodile,Crocodilus sp.)
-Class Aves(pigeon,Columba sp.)
-Class Mammalia(rat,Rattus sp.)

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